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England's immigrant past revealed

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17 February 2015
Last updated at 00:25








1493, A view of London from the Nuremberg ChronicleAbout 65,000 people came to cities like London in the medieval period


In medieval England one person in every hundred was an immigrant, new research has shown.

About 65,000 people came to the country between 1330 and 1550.

The England’s Immigrants project by the universities of York and Sheffield details the names and occupations of those arriving from other parts of the British Isles and mainland Europe.

Project director Prof Mark Ormrod said the influx was largely a result of the Black Death creating a labour shortage.

He said: “We must remember that for a century or more after the Black Death the population of England was very low and there was plenty of work available.

“So people were coming from all across north-west Europe and also from further a field as well in search of that work.

“England was a magnet for immigrants in this period because the conditions and the wages were relatively good in comparison with back home.”


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The Black Death


Clothes infected by the Black Death being burnt in medieval Europe, circa 1340.Clothes infected by the Black Death were burnt in medieval Europe

  • The first outbreak of plague swept across England in 1348-49

  • It struck London in September 1348 and spread to East Anglia and along the coast the following year

  • By spring 1349, it was ravaging Wales and the Midlands, and by late summer, it had made the leap across the Irish Sea

  • It travelled north and reached Scotland by 1350

  • The disease is thought to have killed between one third and one half of London’s population


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The new database, accessible to the public, shows that in 1440, the names of 14,500 individuals were recorded, at a time when the population of England was approximately two million.

A number of weavers and goldsmiths from Flanders, now part of Belgium, are listed as well as servants brought back by aristocrats from English-occupied France at the end of the Hundred Years War.

Prof Ormrod said when they arrived many people were given a surname relating to their origin or trade.

“John Frenchman is the most frequent name in the whole of the database,” he said.

“[But] lots and lots of people who today have names like Baker, Brewer, Smith or Cooper could actually be descended from immigrants in the Middle Ages who were given a name when they came into the kingdom.”


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Who, when, where?


Medieval tax collecting

  • Three Flemish weavers from Diest in Belgium lived and worked in St Ives, Huntingdonshire, in the 1330s

  • John Lammyns, a goldsmith from Antwerp, lived in Bristol in the 1430s and 1440s

  • Sir John Montgomery of Faulkbourne, Essex, had five foreigners working in his household in the 1440s

  • Walter, a minstrel from Germany, settled in London in the late 15th century with his entire family, including his mother, wife, three sons and three daughters


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Nationalities listed in the database range from Scottish and Irish to Portuguese, Swedish, Greek and Icelandic.

“The England’s Immigrants project transforms our understanding of the way that English people and foreign nationals, of all levels of society, lived and worked together in the era of the Plantagenets and early Tudors”, added Prof Omrod.

Source Article from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-31462885
England's immigrant past revealed
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Columbus schools’ immigrant program has too few teachers, state says

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A surging immigrant population has pushed Columbus City Schools’ main program for students with
limited English skills over capacity, with too many students per teacher, a state Department of
Education report says.

As of last week, the district had assigned 825 students to its Columbus Global Academy in the
former Linmoor Middle School.

District spokesman Jeff Warner said the 96,000-square-foot building in the South Linden
neighborhood is not over its permitted capacity. The district lists its optimum capacity at about
850, and its maximum capacity at around 1,300.

Still, there are too many students for the school’s staff, and the district plans to correct
that by next school year, Warner said.

“It’s still a very fast-growing population,” he said of non-English-speaking students. “We take
this very seriously.”

District chief academic officer Alesia Gillison said the district’s goal is to reduce Global’s
class sizes — now as high as 36 students to a teacher — to 20-to-1.

Prompted by the state inspector’s critical assessment, the district quit assigning new
non-English-speaking students there in December, diverting them to East High School and other
schools. And the district has announced a plan to reduce the enrollment at Global Academy next
school year by forcing about 150 students whose English has advanced to enroll at other buildings,
which was also a state recommendation.

“With more incoming students and more proficient students ostensibly opting to remain in CGA to
be with their friends and teachers, (it) creates an unintended consequence of overcrowding and
unbearable teacher-student ratios that inhibit student learning,” the report said.

The program rates students’ English skills on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being poor and 5
advanced. Global students scoring 3 or higher will be reassigned next year.

The district will hold a special lottery solely for the affected students that could allow them
to be placed in one of its alternative schools. They have until Feb. 27 to apply for the “preferred
lottery,” which will be carried out before the district’s regular lottery for alternative
schools.

Global Academy is just across I-71 from the Ohio Expo Center. Its mission is to assist
English-language learners in grades six through 12.

“The transitional program is designed to meet needs of students who have recently arrived in the
United States, often lacking basic English literacy,” the state report said.

Its students generally score at the beginner level for English skills. Although students can
theoretically leave to attend their assigned neighborhood school at any time, students who can’t
speak basic English are “strongly encouraged” by the district to stay at Global, Gillison said. “We
have the resources there to work with those students.”

The district has English-as-a-second-language programs at more than 40 other buildings,
including 31 elementary schools. But more than 70 buildings have no programs for non-English
speakers, which “may inhibit access to quality education” for English-language learners, the state
report said. It recommended that the district develop a plan to provide services at all
schools.

The state report also said that more teachers, including those in neighborhood schools, should
be trained to work with ESL students.

Gillison said the district is working with the state to improve the professional-development
program.

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Greece Pledges to Shut Immigrant Detention Centers

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Immigrant loses latest bid to stay

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A 40-year-old illegal immigrant has lost the latest round of his fight to stay in the UK – nearly 18 years after being told he had no right to remain.

The man arrived in Britain from India in June 1997 and claimed asylum, judges heard.

His claim was refused and in November 1997 he was served with “formal notification” that he was “liable to be removed”.

But he remained – and met a partner, had children, bought a house, worked in construction and as a lorry driver, and launched a legal battle.

At one stage Home Office immigration officials had taken more than six years to deal with his “application for indefinite leave to remain”, judges were told.

Detail of the man’s case emerged in a ruling by the Court of Appeal.

Three judges dismissed his latest appeal – following a hearing in London – after being told that he had claimed his human right to respect for family life had been breached when he was not allowed to stay.

The man’s history was outlined by appeal judge Lord Justice Underhill – who named him only as “Mr Singh” – in a written ruling.

“Mr Singh is aged 40 and is an Indian national,” said Lord Justice Underhill.

“He came to this country on 15 June 1997, when he was 22, and claimed asylum.

“His claim was refused, and on 1 November 1997 he was served with formal notification that he was liable to be removed.

“He has remained here illegally ever since.”

Lord Justice Underhill said that, in March 2006, the man applied for “indefinite leave to remain” under an immigration rule known as the “10 years’ continuous lawful residence provision” – and under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which enshrines the right to respect to family and private life.

That application was not dealt with by the UK Border Agency until October 2012, said Lord Justice Underhill.

Officials then refused the application – saying the man’s residence had “not been lawful”.

The man, whose partner travelled to the UK on a visitor’s visa and was an “overstayer”, then appealed to an immigration tribunal.

That appeal was dismissed by a judge in January 2013.

The man then appealed to a higher-ranking tribunal – and that appeal was dismissed by another judge.

The man then took his case to the Court of Appeal.

His claims were analysed by appeal judges Lady Justice Arden, Lord Justice Lewison and Lord Justice Underhill at a hearing in November 2014.

They have also now ruled against him.

Lord Justice Underhill described the case, on one basis, as “straightforward” and said the man had no claim under Article 8.

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Eddie Van Halen Talks Immigrant Roots, Innovation in Music

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For Eddie Van Halen, making music is all about having good ears and a talent for experimenting with guitars and amps to create just the right sound.

Now 60, Van Halen told The Associated Press he’s ready to get back on the road. His band recorded a live album — its first with founding singer David Lee Roth — in 2013, and it’s waiting for a release date.

On Thursday, Eddie Van Halen is visiting the Smithsonian for a sold-out event to donate some instruments to the National Museum of American History and to discuss making music and his innovative guitar and amp designs. He even holds patents on some inventions.

Van Halen, it turns out, is a Dutch immigrant born in Amsterdam who came to the U.S. when he was 7. Many people just think he was born a rock star, he says. It wasn’t so easy, though, for him and his brother and bandmate Alex. Their family immigrated to California in 1962, drawn by the “land of opportunity.” Their father was a musician who also worked as a janitor, while their Indonesian-born mother was a maid. The Van Halens shared a house with three other families.

“We showed up here with the equivalent of $50 and a piano,” Van Halen said. “We came halfway around the world without money, without a set job, no place to live and couldn’t even speak the language.

“What saved us was my father being a musician and slowly meeting other musicians and gigging on weekends, everything from weddings to you name it to make money.”

Van Halen went on to help lead one of the most popular rock bands of the 1980s, known for hits including “Jump” and “Why Can’t This Be Love.” He discussed his immigrant roots and his penchant for experimentation.

———

AP: Did you feel like an outsider as a new immigrant?

Van Halen: Oh yeah. Believe it or not, the very first school I went to was still segregated where people of color were on a certain side of the playground and white kids were on the other side. Since I was also considered a second-class citizen at the time, I was lumped with the black people. It was rough, but music was a common thread in our family that saved us.

AP: What sparked your interest in pursuing music more seriously?

Van Halen: It was definitely just being in a house that was full of music. My earliest memories of music were banging pots and pans together, marching to John Philip Sousa marches. And hearing my dad. He had his music going downstairs, practicing.

AP: I understand you never learned to read music. How did you learn to play?

Van Halen: I was just blessed with good ears, to the disappointment of my piano teacher. … I had to see what my fingers were doing. Believe it or not, I’m not very good at playing in pitch dark on guitar either. I need to see where I’m at.

AP: How did you work to keep the Van Halen sound current over the decades?

Van Halen: I think being true to ourselves and not trying to follow trends. We never did. We actually got signed to Warner Brothers in 1977 in the midst of punk and disco. We were the odd man out, so to speak. Of course when we started playing clubs, we had to play Top 40 songs, and for the life of me, I could never make anything sound the way it was supposed to sound. I could never emulate other people’s playing — a blessing in disguise.

AP: What was the most important thing you’ve done to innovate with your equipment?

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UCI Immigrant Rights Clinic joins ACLU in lawsuit against Homeland Security patrols

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The ACLU and the UCI School of Law Immigrant Rights Clinic filed a lawsuit Tuesday against the Department of Homeland Security, saying they want to see records on “roving” patrols that have border agents stopping and detaining people as far as south Orange County.

The lawsuit in federal court follows unanswered Freedom of Information Act requests to both DHS and U.S. Customs and Border Protection last summer that seek information about the agency’s operations, which can reach as far as 100 miles north of the Mexico border.

“In the course of these operations, federal agents routinely disregard the legal limitations on their authority and violate the civil rights of California residents and visitors. Yet DHS refuses to hold agents accountable and ignores basic requests for information about these abusive practices,” said Mitra Ebadolahi, an attorney with the ACLU Foundation of San Diego.

A spokesman for the border agency declined to comment on the lawsuit.

Border patrol agents check transportation routes and routinely patrol the cities of San Juan Capistrano, San Clemente and Dana Point, spokesman Ralph DeSio said in an interview last year. Their role, he said then, “is to protect America and safeguard the American homeland at and beyond our borders.”

At the time, immigrant rights advocates had rallied behind a mother of six who was picked up by Border Patrol agents while she was on her way home from grocery shopping in San Juan Capistrano. Victoria Delgado Arteaga was released following a campaign by RAIZ, an Orange County group of young advocates working to end deportations.

“The community has been a victim of Border Patrol raids for years,” said Alexis Nava Teodoro, who organized the efforts to win her release and now works for the ACLU in Orange County.

The lawsuit said that a similar ACLU request in New York in 2011 found that most stops did not target recent crossers, happened far from the border, and only 1 percent ended in deportation proceedings. Some stops included racial profiling and arrests of people who were in the country legally, ACLU representatives said.

Last fiscal year, agents apprehended 29,911 people in the San Diego-Orange County sector, DeSio said.

Contact the writer: 714-796-7829 or rkopetman@ocregister.com


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Cuban immigrant gets six years over Eli Lilly heist in Connecticut

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By Jonathan Stempel

(Reuters) – A Cuban immigrant who pleaded guilty to having a role in the theft of more than $50 million of pharmaceuticals from an Eli Lilly and Co warehouse in northern Connecticut was sentenced on Wednesday to 6-1/4 years in prison.

Yosmany Nunez, 42, of Southwest Ranches, Florida, is the first defendant to be sentenced among five who pleaded guilty over the March 13, 2010 heist in Enfield, Connecticut, which borders Massachusetts, federal prosecutors said.

Nunez, a Cuban citizen known as “El Gato,” was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Janet Bond Arterton in New Haven, Connecticut.

The defendant had been detained since his arrest last April 17. He pleaded guilty on Nov. 5 to one count of transporting stolen property.

Lawyers for Nunez did not immediately respond to requests for comment. They had asked for leniency, telling the judge last month that Nunez is more likely to be deported now that the United States has taken steps to normalize relations with Cuba.

Federal prosecutors said the theft involved breaking into the Lilly warehouse through the roof, and then loading thousands of boxes of drugs onto a waiting tractor trailer that was later driven to Florida and unloaded in the Miami area.

Authorities discovered some of the stolen drugs in October 2011, and announced several arrests the following May.

Among the pharmaceuticals stolen were the schizophrenia drug Zyprexa, the anti-depressants Cymbalta and Prozac, and the cancer treatment Gemzar.

The case is U.S. v. Nunez, U.S. District Court, District of Connecticut, No. 12-cr-00040.

(Reporting by Jonathan Stempel in New York; editing by Andrew Hay)

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Cuban immigrant gets 6 years over Eli Lilly heist in Connecticut

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By Jonathan Stempel

Feb 4 (Reuters) – A Cuban immigrant who pleaded guilty to having a role in the theft of more than $50 million of pharmaceuticals from an Eli Lilly and Co warehouse in northern Connecticut was sentenced on Wednesday to 6-1/4 years in prison.

Yosmany Nunez, 42, of Southwest Ranches, Florida, is the first defendant to be sentenced among five who pleaded guilty over the March 13, 2010 heist in Enfield, Connecticut, which borders Massachusetts, federal prosecutors said.

Nunez, a Cuban citizen known as “El Gato,” was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Janet Bond Arterton in New Haven, Connecticut.

The defendant had been detained since his arrest last April 17. He pleaded guilty on Nov. 5 to one count of transporting stolen property.

Lawyers for Nunez did not immediately respond to requests for comment. They had asked for leniency, telling the judge last month that Nunez is more likely to be deported now that the United States has taken steps to normalize relations with Cuba.

Federal prosecutors said the theft involved breaking into the Lilly warehouse through the roof, and then loading thousands of boxes of drugs onto a waiting tractor trailer that was later driven to Florida and unloaded in the Miami area.

Authorities discovered some of the stolen drugs in October 2011, and announced several arrests the following May.

Among the pharmaceuticals stolen were the schizophrenia drug Zyprexa, the anti-depressants Cymbalta and Prozac, and the cancer treatment Gemzar.

The case is U.S. v. Nunez, U.S. District Court, District of Connecticut, No. 12-cr-00040.

(Reporting by Jonathan Stempel in New York; editing by Andrew Hay)

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Cuban immigrant gets 6 years for theft of drugs worth $50M

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NEW HAVEN, Conn. (AP) — A Cuban immigrant was sentenced Wednesday to more than six years in prison for his role in the 2010 nighttime heist of a Connecticut warehouse in which the robbers filled a tractor-trailer with more than $50 million worth of pharmaceutical drugs.

Yosmany “El Gato” Nunez, the first of five defendants to be sentenced in the case, also faces a deportation order. Although the prospect of his forcible return to the Caribbean island may have seemed remote at the time he pleaded guilty in November, the U.S. and Cuba have since taken steps toward normalizing relations.

His attorneys pointed out the increased likelihood of deportation in a court filing that said Nunez, 42, came to the United States in 1999 on a homemade raft and has close relationships with his two children in the U.S.

“He began to work construction and described the United States as ‘glorious,’” his attorneys wrote.

The robbers traveled from Florida and broke into the Eli Lilly Co. warehouse by cutting a hole in the roof, disabled the alarm system and used warehouse forklifts to load pallets of pharmaceuticals into the truck to bring them back to Miami, according to prosecutors. The drugs — including Zyprexa, Cymbalta and Prozac — had a wholesale value between $50 million and $100 million.

Nunez, who pleaded guilty to one count of transportation of stolen property, was sentenced in federal court in New Haven to six years and three months in prison.

Prosecutors said he has a history of involvement in cargo theft, including a federal conviction in 2001. He also has two prior offenses in Florida that led to six months of county jail time for crimes that his lawyers described as the result of his struggles with alcohol abuse. His status as a legal U.S. resident was revoked and was subject to a deportation order but, as a Cuban citizen, he remained in the U.S.

Four other defendants have pleaded guilty in the Eli Lilly heist.

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Report faults York County Prison in immigrant prisoner's 2013 suicide

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Despite repeatedly placing her on suicide watch, the York County (Pa.) Prison failed to properly monitor an Antiguan immigrant with chronic schizophrenia who managed to hang herself in her cell 15 months ago, according to federal investigators.

The review – obtained last week by The Inquirer – also points to the shared responsibility of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in managing care for Tiombe Kimana Carlos.

It states that just days before Carlos’ death in October 2013 – and two months after the 34-year-old had made another bid to hang herself in a cell – a deputy prison warden had asked ICE to consider placing her in a psychiatric facility. The local ICE office said an appropriate alternative to incarceration was unavailable.

The review by ICE’s offices of professional responsibility and detention oversight also found multiple deficiencies in her care and in prison operations.















Though it stopped short of assigning blame for her death and takes no position on whether the suicide was preventable, the 32-page report paints a picture of a seriously disturbed woman whose transfers among prison units were supposed to be guided by “a psychiatric alert, requiring clearance by medical staff … but none was ever generated.”

Under an intergovernmental services agreement, the 2,500-inmate county prison in south central Pennsylvania houses immigrant detainees arrested by the Philadelphia-area field office of ICE.

Carlos’ detention and death were chronicled by The Inquirer in November 2013. The ICE review into her death was completed last summer, but ICE only released it last week to The Inquirer after the newspaper sought comment for an article about the probe’s delay.

Carlos’ immigration lawyer, Thomas Griffin of Philadelphia, said he was unaware of the findings until shown them by The Inquirer. He said the report shows that officials knew the severity of his client’s mental illness and did not address it adequately.

“They admit that professional treatment was nothing more than a regular injection of [the psychotropic drug] Haldol to keep her mummified,” Griffin said. “It’s inexcusable that it had to end with her death, rather than release to … psychiatric care.”

Among the report’s findings:

Five times from 2011 through 2013, Carlos was put on suicide watch.

Despite getting biweekly injections of Haldol, she never had a treatment plan “with measurable goals … to guide mental health interventions.”

When Carlos acted out, guards soaked her with pepper spray. After an episode in 2012, she did not get routine follow-up at the infirmary for chemical decontamination and was told to wash with plain water from her cell’s tap – a weak remedy, according to spray manufacturers.

In 2011, a guard zapped Carlos’ left inner thigh with an electronic stun gun, leaving a mark, even though ICE’s contract with York “prohibits the use of electronic devices on immigrant detainees.” A note in the file says the guard “was unaware” she was an ICE detainee.

“Tiombe was sick, but she wasn’t stupid,” said Griffin. “Suicide was her way out of hopelessness.”

When ICE investigators examined the cell block where Carlos killed herself, they observed three regular cells and three suicide-prevention cells.

The report appears to indicate that Carlos was in a regular cell. Investigators noted that a window with two horizontal bars is at the back of each regular cell, with Plexiglas panels over the windows and bars to prevent attaching anything there. Further investigation revealed that the panels were installed about one month after Carlos killed herself.

While the report’s authors documented the deficiencies, they took pains to say they were for “information only” and “should not be construed in any way as meaning the deficiency contributed to the death of the detainee.”

The next step is for ICE’s Office of Detention Oversight to work with the field office and the prison on a “corrective action plan,” said an ICE spokeswoman, who did not elaborate.

Carl Lindquist, a spokesman for York County, declined to comment regarding Carlos but said all suicides are investigated.

“In addition to any external review that may be conducted,” he said, “the prison … conducts an internal review. … Any deficiencies identified are corrected.”

Of nearly 140,000 inmates and detainees held at the prison since January 2008, he said, five have committed suicide.

The federal review also notes that ICE had been trying since July 2012 to obtain travel documents from the consulate of Antigua and Barbuda to carry out Carlos’ removal from the United States. In an interview after the suicide, a consular official said Carlos’ mental illness, and ongoing litigation, were reasons not to issue the document.

Investigators visited the prison from Dec. 10 through 12, 2013, and delivered their report to ICE top management in July.

It noted that Carlos was born in the Caribbean nation in 1978, and was 4 when her family moved to New York City as legal permanent residents of the United States. She was 14 the first time her schizophrenia was diagnosed. She was 30 when her green card was revoked for petty crimes, probation violations, and hitting a police officer who arrested her after a bar brawl. She was a month from her 35th birthday when she died.

Survivors include her mother, father, sister, brother, and 16-year-old daughter.

For the Carlos family, represented by attorney Jonathan Feinberg of Kairys, Rudovsky, Messing & Feinberg, a civil rights firm in Philadelphia, the official silence after ICE’s public promise 15 months ago to investigate left an impression the case was languishing. On June 20, Feinberg filed a Freedom of Information Act request and has yet to get a reply.

“The report appears to show some serious deficiencies,” Feinberg said after reviewing The Inquirer’s copy. “We are continuing to investigate the circumstances that led to Tiombe’s death and will decide whether to proceed with litigation soon.”

Last November, on what would have been Carlos’ 36th birthday, members of her family brought flowers to her grave at Merion Memorial Park in Bala Cynwyd.

Then they made a down payment on her headstone.

 

mmatza@phillynews.com

215-854-2541 @MichaelMatza1

 







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